Epicondylitis is defined as a condition of the elbow characterized by painful symptoms resulting from repetitive movements or repeated lifting of weights. When the tendons of the forearm rub against the epicondyles (either the medial or lateral epicondyle), inflammation occurs, leading to pain and functional impairment in affected individuals.The condition is most frequently observed in professionals who extensively use their hands in daily work, such as plumbers, butchers, chefs, secretaries, as well as athletes involved in sports that demand repetitive use of the upper limb, including tennis, swimming, golf, and others. Epidemiologically, epicondylitis is more prevalent in women than in men and typically affects individuals between 30 and 50 years of age, although it can occur in other age groups. Epicondylitis can be classified into:Medial epicondylitis, when the tendinopathy affects the inner side of the elbow and Lateral epicondylitis, when it affects the outer side of the elbow.
Etiology of Epicondylitis
Both medial and lateral epicondylitis can result from a variety of causes, including:
- Age, as the condition primarily but not exclusively,affects individuals aged 30–50 years
- High levels of repetitive activity, leading to tendon overuse
- Fatigue due to prolonged and intense strain on the forearm muscles
- Inappropriate (sports) equipment, which may contribute to tendon injury or improper use
Symptoms of Epicondylitis
The symptoms of elbow epicondylitis typically develop gradually and tend to worsen with continued use of the affected arm.Medial epicondylitis is most commonly associated with:
- Elbow pain, which may radiate to the wrist with continued activity
- Pain in the hand during attempts to grasp objects
- Weakness in grip strength and difficulty lifting objects
Lateral epicondylitis is usually associated with:
- Numbness in the fingers of the affected hand
- Stiffness in the affected region
Management of Epicondylitis
Following the results of the clinical examination and, if necessary, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the attending physician determines the most appropriate therapeutic approach.The management of epicondylitis may include:
- Rest
- Temporary cessation of activities that aggravate symptoms
- Pharmacological therapy
- Cryotherapy
- Physiotherapy program focused on stretching and strengthening
- Use of a specialized brace or orthosis
- Maintaining correct technique during sports activities
- Use of appropriate and well-fitted equipment
- Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) injections
- Corticosteroid injections
- Therapeutic ultrasound treatment
- Surgical intervention in severe or refractory cases, particularly when conservative methods fail. This procedure is minimally invasive, does not require hospitalization, and typically involves a short recovery period, allowing the patient to return to daily activities relatively quickly.
Epicondylitis is largely preventable. Key elements of prevention involve proper training in correct movement techniques and ensuring the use of appropriate equipment for each specific activity or sport.
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